Nutritional Quality of Vegetables From Malaysian Urban Community Farming
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24191/bioenv.v2i3.64Keywords:
Urban community farming, Nutritional, Sugar, Gross energy, Vitamin, MineralAbstract
Urban community farming has gained interest in Malaysia due to the increase of daily expenditure among household and support by government under several policy and initiative. Hence in this study, the nutritional quality of various vegetables from established Malaysian urban community farming has been evaluated in order to vitalized the activity among community. The nutritional quality evaluation focus on sugar content, gross energy, vitamin A, vitamin C and twelve types of minerals which include aluminum (Al), boron (B), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn). The analysis was carried-out using via dedicated instruments such as High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), calorimeter bomb analyzer and Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results obtained exhibited all the planted vegetables possess at least two types of common sugars with five of it possess all the targeted sugars. The gross energy of the planted vegetables which usually related to sugars ranging from 2900 to 3800 joule/g that support it as essential source for energy for living. Some of the vegetables also possess vitamins with pak choy and sawi exhibited the highest content vitamin A and C, respectively. As for the mineral content, all the vegetables possess twelve minerals with spinach exhibited the largest number of highest mineral types which include boron (B), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P). These findings exhibited that the urban farming community could also produce a nutritional vegetable for fulfilment of daily consumption and furthermore reduces community expenses.
References
Achikanu, C.E., Eze-Steven, P.E., Ude, C.M., & Ugwuokolie, O.C. (2013). Determination of the vitamin and mineral composition of common leafy vegetables in south eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2(11), 347-353.
Ali, A., Riaz, S., Khalid, W., Fatima, M., Mubeen, U., Babar, Q., & Madilo, F. K. (2024). Potential of ascorbic acid in human health against different diseases: an updated narrative review. International Journal of Food Properties, 27(1), 493–515.
Arias, A., Feijoo, G. & Moreira, M. (2022). Exploring the potential of antioxidants from fruits and vegetables and strategies for their recovery. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 77, 102974.
Ayaz, A. F., Colak, N., Topuz, M., Tarkowski, P., Seiler, P. J. G., & Inceer, H. (2015). Comparison of nutrient content in fruit of commercial cultivars of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 65(4), 251–259.
Bakshi, M.P.S., Wadhwa, M., & Makkar, H.P.S. (2016). Waste to worth: Vegetable wastes as animal feed. CAB Reviews, 11(12), 1-26.
Castro, J. C., Castro, C. G. & Cobos, M. (2023). Genetic and biochemical strategies for regulation of L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis in plants through the L-galactose pathway. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1099829
Chan, R. J., Parikh, N., Ahmed, S., Ruzicka, M. & Hiremath, S. (2024). Blood pressure control should focus on more potassium: controversies in hypertension. Hypertension, 81, 501–509.
Campbell, G.J., Belobrajdic, D.P., & Bell-Anderson, K.S. (2021). Determining the glycaemic index of standard and high-sugar rodent diets in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients, 10 (856), 1-12.
Choo, V. L., Viguiliouk, E., Mejia, S. B., Cozma, A. I., Khan, T. A., Ha, V., et al., (2018). Food sources of fructose-containing sugars and glycaemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies. BMJ Clinical Research, 363(k4644), 1-19.
Dias, J.S. (2019). Nutritional quality and effect on disease prevention of vegetables. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 10, 369-402.
Dasgupta, A., & Klein, K. (2014). Antioxidants in food, vitamins and supplements: prevention and treatment of disease. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2012-0-02831-1
Fadupin, G. T., Ogunkunle, M.O., Atikekeresola, T. J. & Fabusoro, O. K. (2017). Effect of blanching time on the mineral contents of selected green leafy vegetables commonly consumed in southwest Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 20(2), 151-155.
Gao, M., Sun, H., Shi, M., Wu Q, Ji, D., Wang, B., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Han, L., Ruan, X., Xu, H., & Yang, W. (2021). 2-keto-L-gulonic acid improved the salt stress resistance of non-heading Chinese cabbage by increasing L-ascorbic acid accumulation. Frontier Plant Science, 12, 697184.
Hunt, C.D., & Meacham, S.L. (2001). Aluminum, boron, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(9), 1058–1060.
Jouybar, R., Kabgani, H., Kamalipour, H., Shahbazi, S., Allahyary, E., Rasouli, M., Akhlagh, S.H., Shafa, M., Ghazinoor, M., Moeinvaziri, M.T., & Khademi, S. (2012). The perioperative effect of ascorbic acid on inflammatory response in coronary artery bypass graft surgery; a randomized controlled trial coronary artery bypass graft surgery. International Cardiovascular Research Journal, 6(1), 13-17.
Kumaravel, S., & Alagusundaram, K. (2014). Determination of mineral content in Indian spices by ICP-OES. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 30(2), 631-636.
Lima, A.M.S., Dos Santos, L.O., David, J.M. & Ferreira, S.L.C. (2019). Mineral content in mustard leaves according to the cooking method. Food Chemistry, 273, 172-177.
Luo, A., Zhou, C., & Chen, J. (2018). The associated with carbon conversion rate and source–sink enzyme activity in tomato fruit subjected to water stress and potassium application. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12(681145), 1-18.
Naidu, K.A. (2003). Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. Nutrition Journal, 2, 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-2-7.
National Agrofood Policy 2021-2030 (NAP 2.0) (2021). Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries, Malaysia.
Puścion-Jakubik, A., Markiewicz-Zukowska, R., Naliwajko, S.K., Gromkowska-Kepka, K.J., Moskwa, J., Grabia, M., Mielech, A., Bielecka, J., Karpi ´nska, E., Mielcarek, K., Nowakowski, P., & Socha, K. (2021). Intake of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in relation to body composition, skin hydration and lubrication in young women. Antioxidants, 10, 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ antiox10071110.
Rameli, A. (2022). 4th National Physical Plan: The Planning Agenda for Prosperous, Resilient and Liveable Malaysia. Kick-Off Conference For 12th Malaysia Plan Mid-Term Review, Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia, 6 December 2022.
Rizki, Z., Janssen, A.E.M., Van der Padt, A., & Boom, R.M. (2020). Separation of fructose and glucose via nanofiltration in presence of fructooligosaccharides. Membranes, 10(298), 1-11.
Rosa-Martínez, E., García-Martínez, M.D., Adalid-Martínez, A.M., Pereira-Dias, L., Casanova, C., Soler, E., Figàs, M.R., Raigón, M.D., Plazas, M., Soler, S., & Prohens, J. (2021). Fruit composition profile of pepper, tomato and eggplant varieties grown under uniform conditions. Food Research International 147(110531), 1-13.
Salamatullah, A.M., Hayat, M.S.A.K, Ahmed, M.A., Arzoo, S., Husain, F.M., & Alzahrani, A. (2021). Bioactive and antimicrobial properties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under microwave cooking. Sustainability, 13(1519), 1-12.
Sampson, D., Cely-Santos, M., Gemmill-Herren, B., Babin, N., Bernhart, A., Bezner Kerr, R., Blesh, J., Bowness, E., Feldman, M., Gonçalves, A. L., James, D., Kerssen, T., Klassen, S., Wezel, A. & Wittman, H. (2021). Food sovereignty and rights-based approaches strengthen food security and nutrition across the globe: A systematic review. Frontier Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 686492
Second National Township Policy (2016). Federal Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia, Ministry of Housing and Local Government. ISBN 978-967-12812-39.
Serna, J., & Bergwitz, C. (2020). Importance of dietary phosphorus for bone metabolism and healthy aging. Nutrients, 12, 3001. doi:10.3390/nu12103001.
Slavin, J.L. & Lloyd, B. (2012). Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Advances in Nutrition, 3, 506-516.
Spoelstra-de Man, A.M.E., Elbers, P.W.G., & Oudemans-Van Straaten, H.M. (2018). Vitamin C: Should we supplement? Current Opinion in Critical Care, 24(4), 248-255.
Sun, S. Z., & Empie, M.W. (2012). Fructose metabolism in humans – What isotopic tracer studies tell us. Nutrition & Metabolism, 9(89), 1-12.
Tai, A. & Gohda, E. (2007). Determination of ascorbic acid and its related compounds in foods and beverages by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B, 853, 214–220.
Tee, E.S., & Lim, C.L. (1992): Re-analysis of vitamin A values of selected Malaysian foods of animal origin by the AOAC and HPLC methods. Food Chemistry, 45, 289-296
Valentim, J. K., Garcia, R.G., de Castro Burbarelli, M.F., de Léo R.A.R., de Sousa Ferreira R., Calderano, A.A., Lima, I. L., de Souza Nascimento, K.M.R., da Silva, T. R., & Albino, L.F.T. (2023). Nutritional, productive, and qualitative characteristics of European quails fed with diets containing lipid sources of plant and animal origin. Animals, 13(3472), 1-15.
Wang, J., Singh, A.K., Kong, F., & Kim, W.K. (2021). Effect of almond hulls as an alternative ingredient on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, and cecal microbiota diversity. Poultry Science, 100(3), 1-9.
Waseem, M., Akhtar, S., Manzoor, M. F., Mirani, A. A., Ali, Z., Ismail T. et al (2021). Nutritional characterization and food value addition properties of dehydrated spinach powder. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(2), 1213-1221.
Weyh, C., Kruger, K., Peeling, P. & Castell, L. (2022). The role of minerals in the optimal functioning of the immune system. Nutrients, 14, 644.
Xu, W., Liang, L., & Zhu, M. (2015). Determination of sugars in molasses by HPLC following solid-phase extraction. International Journal of Food Properties, 18, 547–557.
Yuan, J., Yu, Z., Lin, T., Wang, L., Chen, X., Liu, T., Wang, J., Hou, X., & Ying Li, Y. (2020). BcERF070, a novel ERF (ethylene-response factor) transcription factor from non-heading Chinese cabbage, affects the accumulation of ascorbic acid by regulating ascorbic acid-related genes. Molecular Breeding, 40, 2.
Zhang, Y., Mu, J., Musumba, M., McCarl, B., Gu, X., Zhou, Y., Cao, Z., & Li, Q. (2018). The Role of Climate Factors in Shaping China’s Crop Mix: An Empirical Exploration. Sustainability, 10(3757), 1-17.
Zhang, Q., Li, Y., & Yang, X. (2016). Soil pH and nutrient availability regulate soil microbial communities in a long-term fertilization experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 98, 37-49.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohd Nazrul Hisham Daud, Mohd Lip Jabit, Norhasni Ramli, Nur Syafini Ghazali, Joanna Cho Lee Ying, Azirah Omar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
